Traditional	Modern	Notes
Inseam and Outseam Thread Filament	Linen Hemp	Nylon Polyester	No Rot Stronger More Resistant to Elements
Inseam and Outseam Thread Construction	Twisted	Braided Bonded	Stronger
Inseam and Outseam Thread Coating	Pitch and Rosin	Bitumen Paraffin	Cheaper More Available
Inseam and Outseam Needles	Boar Bristles	Nylon Monofilament Wire Needles	Cheaper
Inseam and Outseam Coating	Coad	Paraffin	Cheaper Pitch Hard to Source
Cement	Rubber Cement	Synthetic Rubber Cement (neoprene, polychloroprene)	Stronger
Outsole Material	Vegetable Tanned Leather	Rubber	More Durable Cheaper
Midsole Material	Vegetable Tanned Leather	Rubber	More Durable Cheaper
Last Material	Hardwood	High-Density Polyethylene	Dimensionally Stable Cheaper
Upper Sewing	Hand Binding	Machine Sewing	Faster
Insole Fastening	Leather Holdfast	Canvas Gemming	Cheaper Faster
Insole Material	Vegetable Tanned Leather	Paperboard	Cheaper
Inseaming	Inseaming Awl	Goodyear Welt Machine	Faster
Outseaming	Square Awl	Curved-Needle Sewing Machine	Faster
Stiffener Material	Leather	Plastic Plastic-Impregnated Fabric Paperboard	Lighter Faster